Safe charging of car batteries

Charging car batteries? Is it really necessary? If so, how often and for how long? Aren’t modern batteries maintenance-free? Many drivers have asked these or similar questions. Firstly: normally the alternator should adequately charge the battery in everyday use. However, there are situations in which recharging and other care can have a positive effect on the life of a car battery. For example, this is advisable for the use of conventional lead-acid batteries in combination with short journeys, especially in cold weather. The same applies if the vehicle stands in the garage for a long period.

Modern, maintenance-free batteries have the advantage that it is no longer necessary to top them up with distilled water. In order for a car battery to perform reliably, a good charge level can be ensured by the use of car battery charger.

DIY maintenance and battery charging – what to note

Important: Care is essential when handling lead-acid accumulators. With incorrect handling, the electrolyte in a starter battery can escape or splash. Overcharging can produce explosive hydrogen. If an older vehicle is not equipped with a maintenance-free battery a visit to a workshop is recommended.

Important: Regardless of this, protective glasses and gloves should be worn when servicing, removing or installing the battery. To prevent short circuits, it is essential to avoid connection of the terminals by contact with metallic or conductive materials, as otherwise there is a danger of electric shock or physical injury.

However, with proper and careful handling, all drivers can charge the battery themselves.

First of all: Preparation before starting charging

Charging of the battery in the vehicle is simpler and is preferable for safety reasons, although this is not always possible. If no garage or an electricity connection is available, there is often no alternative to charging the battery outside of the vehicle. Ensure good ventilation when charging in enclosed spaces. If the battery is removed from the engine compartment for charging, a second person should help to lift large batteries due to the heavy weight.

Important: With lead-acid batteries, the formation of explosive hydrogen and de-gassing must be expected during charging. In extreme cases, a high concentration of hydrogen may result in an explosion with serious injuries and damage.

Defects of the battery should also be noted. Acid may leak from damaged batteries. Physical contact with battery acid can cause serious burns. The affected area must be thoroughly rinsed with clean water and a physician must be consulted immediately.

Car battery charging – step-by-step

1. Disconnect the connecting cables
   Important: The cable which is connected to the negative terminal must be disconnected first. This prevents a short circuit between the positive terminal and ground. Then disconnect the red cable which is connected to the positive terminal.
2. Check the state of the battery
   For lead-acid batteries which are not maintenance-free, we recommend that you visit a workshop. Under no circumstances should you check the acid-water level yourself.
   With maintenance-free batteries, checking of the electrolyte is not necessary. Here, only the dirt needs to be cleaned from the vent pipes.
   Regardless of the reason for charging (for example in the case of a dead battery, long standstill times, short journeys), it is advisable to have a battery test carried out by a workshop from time to time. This is the only way to ensure that your car will always start. According to the German ADAC, more than 46 percent of all breakdowns are caused by poorly maintained batteries.
3. Start charging
   Important: If the battery has to be removed from the car for charging, care must be taken to keep the battery upright when lifting and carrying it. If the battery is to be charged in the vehicle, all electrical consumers must be switched off before connecting the charger.
   Important: The charger must be connected to the battery before it is connected to the mains. To connect the charger to the battery, first fasten the red cable to the positive terminal of the battery. Then connect the black cable to the negative terminal.
   Important: The next procedure depends on the type of battery. To select the correct operating mode, the user should follow the information in the operating instructions for the charging device.
4. Ending the charging process
   After the end of the charging process, the charger is first disconnected from the mains before the cables are disconnected from the battery. When installing the battery in the vehicle, the red cable must first be connected to the positive terminal. Then, the black negative cable is connected to the negative terminal.
5. Special features of start-start-stop vehicles
   Charging of a battery with EFB or AGM technology is identical, however, care must be taken that the device is suitable for batteries with start-stop technology. In this case, the information in the operating instructions should be followed.

Interesting facts about chargers and charging times

Many high quality chargers are compatible with various types of battery and switch off automatically when charging is complete. Intelligent chargers gradually shut down as the charge level increases and limit the current automatically. In this way, a good sate of charge can be ensured even with long standstill times and low outside temperatures. In case of doubt, consult the description of use by the manufacturer of the device. Proper and regular use of battery chargers can therefore increase the reliability and the service life of the battery.

Even though there is no risk of overcharging with the use of a high quality charger, the battery should not remain connected to the charger for more than 24 hours. A full charge is usually achieved by charging overnight.

In maintenance mode, batteries can be kept at a high charge level even with long vehicle standstill times. Even after a deep discharge, some chargers enable at least partial reconditioning of the battery.

Important: Even though the connection and operation of the charger is not complicated, several points should be noted. Charging a car battery differs in several aspects from the charging of a conventional battery. The operating instructions for the charger provide all the necessary information.

Jump start a car – the step by step guide to follow!

A dead battery can often be revived with a jump start. You just need to know how. For the assistant as well as the driver of the broken down vehicle, it is therefore useful to know what to do in this case. 

According to ADAC breakdown statistics, up to 46,2% of all breakdowns are caused by poorly maintained batteries. If the battery capacity falls below a critical level, it cannot supply the car’s electrical components with sufficient power. Often as a last resort jump starting with the aid of a jumper cable can get the vehicle started.

First of all: The right tools and aids

The good news for all concerned: To jump start a car with a discharged battery, in addition to an assisting vehicle with a working battery, only a jump start cable is required. Important: The diameter of the cable should be at least 16 mm. For cars with large engines, a jump start cable with a cross section of 25 mm is recommended. The vehicle which has suffered a breakdown must be supplied by a battery with the same voltage. Normally, the voltage of most vehicles is 12 Volts. Only a few vintage cars are operated with a voltage of 6 Volts. In all cases, please observe the information in the operating manuals of both vehicles.

Jump starting – step-by-step

1. Preparation

Both vehicles must be parked on level ground and secured. The assisting and the broken down vehicle must not touch, as otherwise there is a risk of a short circuit. In many new vehicles the battery is no longer located in the engine compartment, but the positive and negative terminals can usually be found quickly. If necessary, a look at the operating instructions can be helpful. The engines of both vehicles must be switched off.

Important: Many modern cars, in which the battery is not located under the bonnet have “jump start” connections in the engine compartment, which must be used. In this case the jump start cable must not be connected directly to the battery.

2. Connecting the jump start cable

The jump start cable must only be held by the insulated plastic handles.

Important: The red cable is always connected to the positive terminal and the black cable to the negative terminal. First the clamp of the red cable is connected to the positive terminal of the assisting vehicle. The other end of the red cable is connected to the positive terminal of the broken down vehicle. Then the black clamp is connected to the negative terminal of the assisting battery.

Important: Under no circumstances should the other end of the black cable be connected to the negative terminal, but rather to the body of the broken down vehicle. For this, a strong, unpainted metal component in the engine compartment of the vehicle, for example the engine block, is suitable. Connection directly to the negative terminal of the broken down vehicle is not recommended, as this can cause sparking, which can damage the battery. In the case of old lead-acid batteries, there may even be an escape of battery acid, which could endanger people in the vicinity. There is also a risk that hydrogen could ignite, so it is advisable to wear protective glasses.

3. Starting the vehicle and disconnecting the jumper cable

Important: First start the engine of the assisting vehicle and then the engine of the broken down vehicle. If starting is successful, an electrical consumer such as the headlights or the rear window heater should be switched on in the broken down vehicle. This avoids voltage surges when disconnecting the clamps from the terminals. Removal of the cable clamps is carried out in the reverse sequence. A long journey is recommended in order to quickly recharge the battery. An alternative is to connect the battery to a charger.

By the way…

You should visit a workshop after all cases of deep discharge in order to investigate the reason for the failure. In the case of a battery which is weak due to old age, jump starting is only a very temporary remedy and the problem may reoccur with the next attempt to start. If a large number of electrical consumers were the reason for the discharge of a battery which is otherwise OK, it is worth visiting a workshop, as the power reduction due to the loss of active material is permanent.

4. Jump starting fails – now what?

If the car does not start, or stalls immediately, you should wait for about a minute before the next jump start attempt. If jump starting is still not successful, the cause is often a damaged or unsuitable jumper cable. In this case, an attempt with a suitable or intact jumper cable is a possible solution.

5. Start boosters as an alternative

A good alternative to conventional jumper cables is the use of a start booster. Start boosters are portable lithium-ion batteries with an integrated jumper cable. Connection of the cable clamps is identical to the connection of a jumper cable. Important: Even a start booster quickly looses capacity at winter temperatures, so the start booster should not be kept in the car at sub-zero temperatures.

Interesting facts about car batteries

The working principle of a car battery

The battery is the car’s electrical power plant. It obtains its power from the electro-chemical potential of two galvanic cells. If the anode (negative terminal) and the cathode (positive terminal) of the car battery are connected to form a circuit, electrical components such as headlights and the starter can be operated.

Reasons for reduced performance of car batteries

Due to the large number of electrical consumers in modern cars, car batteries now have to deliver more power than they did previously. Batteries which are suitable for start-stop technology are more robust than old-type lead-acid batteries, but even so, at some point they reach the end of their useful life. As well as this, all car batteries suffer from the effect of self-discharge, so that you should ensure that all electrical consumers are really switched off or disconnected for long standstill times. If the battery condition is not checked at regular intervals, there is a risk of failure at the wrong time.

You can read about the possible reasons why the car will not start.

How to keep the car battery in good condition

A battery check in the course of the normal service is advisable. This enables poor performance and damage to be detected at an early stage. The reliability and useful life of a battery can be increased by regularly charging the battery with a charger during the winter.

Important: Deep discharge must be avoided, as should moisture and dirt, which can cause leakage currents, which can result in gradual discharge of the battery

How to care for car batteries properly.

Why won’t the car start – is it because of the battery?

Make sure that your car will always start: How to prevent battery discharge

All drivers dread this noise: When they turn the ignition key or press the starter button, there is only a tired groaning sound. After a few more attempts to start, the starter finally gives up. The car won’t start. The reason for starting difficulties is usually that the battery is poorly charged. Automatic start-stop systems, air conditioning, seat heaters, modern entertainment systems and other electrical consumers all put a strain on the battery. It is therefore essential that a powerful battery is used to cater for the increased demands in modern vehicles.

Our quick check: The most common reasons for a dead battery

1. “Energy guzzlers”

Heating elements in the steering wheel and the driver and passenger seats, as well as the windshield and rear window heaters are real “energy guzzlers” and put a heavy load on the battery. Especially in modern vehicles with a start-stop function, the battery plays a key role in the vehicle system. It ensures that when the engine is switched off, for example at traffic lights, not only the radio and the air conditioning system continue to function. In some cases it also simultaneously supplies the necessary power to up to 150 different electrical consumers. And it still has enough power to start the engine again when the traffic lights turn green. Modern car batteries are genuine power packs, but they also need to be checked at regular intervals. Although modern batteries are maintenance-free, they need regular checks of the state of their charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) in order to detect imminent battery failures before they can cause a complete breakdown.

2. Silent consumers

Silent consumers are the electrical components in the car which cause battery discharge even when the vehicle is switched off. Consumers such as alarm systems, clocks or keyless entry systems remain in standby mode, even when the vehicle is switched off, and therefore cause a continuous discharge of the battery. Even though the power consumption is only small, it has a negative effect on the state of charge of the battery due to its continuous action. After longer standstill periods, for example in the case of long holidays, it is possible that the car may not start due to a discharged battery.

3. Extreme temperatures

The weather also has an effect on the state of charge of car batteries. Both heat and cold put a strain on the battery. Especially at sub-zero temperatures, starting problems are more common. The reason: At low temperatures, the electro-chemical reactions in the battery take place more slowly. The electrons only travel slowly, which reduces the starting power of the battery. At low temperatures, starting is also made more difficult by the thickness of the engine oil, because at temperatures below 0° C it becomes highly viscous. The starter motor needs a higher starting current to overcome this resistance. As well as this, there is an increased load due to demanding consumers such as heaters and ventilators. Low temperatures not only affect the starting power. Recharging of the battery is slower due to the cold, so that the battery needs more time to become fully charged. In addition, the maximum power output of the alternator is limited. If a large number of consumers are active, little energy remains to charge the battery.

Hot days may also cause starting problems. Outside temperature above 20°C accelerate the chemical processes in car batteries which promote self-discharge or corrosion.

Regardless of winter or summer temperatures: A large number of start-stops or stop-and-go travel, for example on the motorway, also contribute to a heavier load on the battery.

By the way…

Although battery life can be extended with proper care, just like tires and brakes, batteries are wearing parts, which only have a limited life. Because of this, the battery should be tested at every visit to the workshop. Many workshops offer a battery test with the aid of suitable battery testers.

Interesting facts about power, state of charge and battery life

After a large number of charging cycles and toward the end of their useful life, conventional starter batteries (SIL) only have a capacity of 20%. With the same load, EFB batteries still have 50%. The more powerful AGM batteries can withstand four times as many charging cycles as SLI batteries and still provide 80% of their energy. Deep discharge of the battery should always be avoided, as this causes permanent damage to the battery cells. Although deep discharged batteries can be “revived” with a suitable charger, the damage which has been sustained still remains.

In case of deep discharge, immediate recharging is essential. The longer the battery remains in the deep discharged state, the more serious the damage to the battery.

How does a car battery work and how is it constructed?

The traditional function of the battery in the engine compartment is well known: Without the battery the vehicle cannot be started. In addition to the starter motor, the spark plugs, glow plugs, lights and electronic applications all require electrical energy. But how is a battery constructed and how does it work?

Lead-acid batteries: Components and structure

Many drivers become aware of the heavy weight of car batteries when they buy a new one. Weights from about 10.5 kg, up to 30 kg are possible. The reason for this is the lead plates in the battery cells.

Components and structure of a battery cell

Positive electrode:

• Positive plate: In a lead-acid battery, the positively charged plate (active material) consists of lead oxide (PbO₂) which is immersed in an electrolyte.
• Positive grid: The positive grid consists of a lead alloy and is used to hold the active material and as a current collector.

Negative electrode:

• Negative plate: The negatively charged plate (active material) consists of pure lead (Pb), which is also immersed in an electrolyte.
• Negative plate: Like the positive plate, this also consists of a lead alloy and serves the same purpose.
  

The electrodes with different charges are separated by a separator bag.

The electrolyte is a mixture of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and distilled water. This electrolyte can be in liquid form (as in conventional wet batteries or in the enhanced EFB technology), in gel form, or bound in a glass mat (as in AGM technology for newer start-stop applications).

Several positive electrodes form a positive plate set and several negative electrodes form a negative plate set. Together, a negative and a positive plate set form a plate block. A plate block is a battery cell.

A conventional starter battery consists of 6 cells connected in series, each with a nominal voltage of 2 V, which results in a voltage of exactly 12.72 V when the battery is fully charged. The capacity and the cold start capability of the battery results from the number of plates per cell.

Rule of thumb: The more plates which a cell contains, and therefore form a larger surface, the larger the cold start power (CCA) which the battery can deliver. However, if the space in the cell is used for fewer, but thicker plates, the cycle stability is increased. This means that the battery is designed for a higher charge throughput (continual charging and discharging process).

The cells are contained in a casing which is made from acid-resistant plastic (polypropylene). In a conventional SLI battery, this is closed with a cover with a labyrinth system which prevents the battery fluid from escaping and separates the liquid from gas.

Early batteries had screw plugs which enabled them to be topped up with distilled water. Modern batteries are completely maintenance-free. Water does not need to be, and must not be topped up. Although AGM batteries still have “one-way plugs”, these must not be opened under any circumstances.

Car battery function: Chemical energy becomes electrical energy

A car battery stores energy in chemical form and converts it into electrical energy. In this electro-chemical process, four materials react with each other:

• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O₂)
• Lead (Pb)
• Sulfur (S)

Connection of an external consumer starts the chemical reaction in the battery:

• The electrolyte, a mixture of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and distilled water decomposes into positively charged hydrogen ions (H⁺) and negatively charged sulfate ions (SO₄^2-).
• At the same time, electrons (2e^–) travel from the negative to the positive electrode via the external consumer.
• To compensate for this flow of electrons, sulfate ions travel from the electrolyte into the negative electrode, where they react with the lead (Pb) to produce lead sulfate (PbSO₄).
• Lead sulfate is also produced in the positive electrode: The bonding of oxygen (O₂) in the lead oxide (PbO₂) is broken by the transfer of electrons and the oxygen passes into the electrolyte. The remaining lead (Pb) bonds with the sulfate (SO₄) from the electrolyte.
• There, the oxygen bonds with the hydrogen to form water (H₂O). As the sulfuric acid is used up by the formation of lead sulfate, the concentration of the electrolyte solution reduces. When the concentration of the sulfuric acid falls below a certain level, the battery has to be recharged.
• During charging, the chemical processes take place in the reverse sequence. At the end, the original elements can be found: The positive electrode consists of lead sulfate (PbSO₄), the negative electrode consists of pure lead (Pb) and the electrolyte consists of dilute sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). As this conversion process is associated with losses, a battery can only withstand a limited number of charging cycles. Its useful life is therefore limited. 

Problems with lead-acid batteries: Sulfation and acid layering

If a battery is charged with a voltage which is too low, or if it always operates with a voltage which is too low (below 80%) acid layering, also referred to as stratification, occurs. The acid in the electrolyte stratifies due to poor mixing. Various densities cause layering of the sulfuric acid on the bottom and water in the top area of the battery. Because of this, only the middle section of the electrolyte, i.e. only a third, can be used for the discharging and charging process.

A possible cause of acid layering is mainly short journeys with the simultaneous use of a large number of electrical consumers. In this case, the alternator does not have enough time to recharge the battery.

A result of acid layering is sulfation. If this occurs in the battery, or if it is not constantly charged to an adequate level, the lead sulfate (PbSO₄) crystallizes on the electrodes, to form larger crystal structures over the course of time. This process is known as “sulfation”. The crystallization prevents the re-conversion of lead sulfate into the original components lead or lead oxide, which results in the prevention of charge acceptance and reduction in the cold start power.

Sharp crystals may also damage the separators or cause short circuits in the cells.

To counteract this effect and prevent premature battery failure, a battery should never be subjected to a low charge level over a long period. For this, it is advisable to test the battery regularly and to fully charge it if necessary.

Would you like to know more about this topic? How to properly charge a battery.

New battery technologies: AGM and lithium ion

Up to now, conventional lead-acid batteries have had a high share of the market. However, the market is changing rapidly: Innovative battery technologies for start-stop vehicles such as AGM use acid which is bound in a mat to provide greater cycle stability and guarantee reliable performance in vehicles with increased energy requirements. A further advantage of AGM: Acid layering is no longer possible due to the bound acid.
A new generation of car batteries for micro-hybrid vehicles operates at 48V and uses cells with lithium ion technology.

The role of 12 Volt batteries in electric vehicles

Have you ever wondered what happens when the lithium-ion battery in a modern electric or hybrid electric vehicle stops working? Look under the bonnet and you will find your answer. Alongside the high voltage lithium-ion traction battery you might find a second one: A 12 Volt battery acting as a second power source to ensure the uninterrupted function of safety critical systems, in case of a traction battery failure, but also key off-loads like the central locking system.

Car drivers today find that more and more comfort and safety features like lane assist, front assist or the proactive occupant protection are handled by onboard smart systems. The same goes for the majority of the car’s monitoring functions which are also operated by automatic control systems. This in turn increases the need for a reliable, high-performance power supply. VARTA^® AGM and EFB batteries have proven their reliability in this regard for years, making them the perfect companion in supporting the 12 Volt electrical system of electric or hybrid electric vehicles.

Old but not old-fashioned

Lithium-ion batteries are considered the successor for lead-acid technology when it comes to the drivetrain of electric or hybrid electric vehicles. However, they are not as inherently robust as other rechargeable technologies and require continuous monitoring. Lithium-ion cells need protection from being overcharged and deep discharge. Additionally, they need to have the voltage maintained within safe limits, making a special protection circuitry mandatory. A further aspect of the protection circuitry is that the cell temperature needs to be monitored to detect and avoid critical malfunctions.

This is where already proven solutions like AGM and EFB play to their strengths. They step in when the high voltage battery fails or switches off, to lock and unlock the car and also serve as an additional power supply to buffer the electrical system. They ensure that important safety functions such as ABS and ESP are working at all times. AGM and EFB batteries are far from being obsolete. Their construction and behavior as well as their lack of electronics make them a reliable and robust power source.

The VARTA^® 12 Volt battery portfolio is ready to support both today’s as well as future electric vehicles. They have sufficient spare capacity to reliably supply future consumers too. Our VARTA^® Automotive batteries deliver energy for crucial safety systems, comfort features and fuel-saving functions. Today and tomorrow.

Fact or fiction? 5 myths about start-stop

Myth:

Start-stop discharges the battery so much that at some point the vehicle can no longer start.

Fact:

All vehicles with start-stop function have a battery sensor and an energy management system which are matched to the architecture of the vehicle and the battery. The battery sensor continuously monitors the state of charge of the battery and only switches the engine off if all vehicle parameters for a reliable new start are met. In addition to the state of charge, the battery management systems also monitor the state-of-health of the battery.

Most vehicles operate the battery at much more than 70% of the state of charge (SOC). With this, starting is always ensured if the battery is in good condition. If the battery has reached the end of its service life the start-stop function is deactivated by the vehicle’s energy management system. In this case the battery should be replaced with a new and equivalent battery in good time, otherwise the starting capability is no longer ensured, especially after long standstill periods and when the engine is cold.

Myth:

Manufacturers of start-stop systems do not comply with uniform standards. This compromises the battery.

Fact:

In order to meet the Euro 6 requirements, there are actually several versions of start-stop systems. Of course, a balance between costs and benefits always plays a role. Therefore, the measures in a luxury vehicle are more sophisticated than in a compact car. However, in every vehicle the manufacturer matches the battery to the particular requirements, so that reliable and efficient functioning is ensured.

With VARTA batteries you can be certain that they were originally produced for use in new vehicles.  Our original spare parts meet the highest quality requirements and are designed for maximum performance. This is what the OE logo stands for.

Myth:

Start-stop increases fuel consumption by continually switching the engine off and on.

Fact:   

This is not correct. Practical tests have shown that a saving of half a liter of fuel per 100 km can be achieved. Thanks to the automatic start-stop system, some vehicles use as much as 15% less fuel than when the start-stop system is deactivated. This is certainly good for the environment – because no exhaust gases are produced when the engine is stopped and therefore no CO₂ is emitted into the atmosphere.

Myth:

Start-stop takes too much of the decision process away from the driver. Therefore they surrender a considerable part of their control.

Fact:

This unease may come from memories of the times when they stalled the engine at a green traffic light as learner drivers.

The fact is people become increasingly familiar with new assistance systems in modern vehicles. For example automatic light switching, automatic activation of the windshield wiper when it rains, or vibration of the steering wheel with activated lane-assist if you leave the lane without indicating. All of these are initially unfamiliar, but quickly become natural when they are used every day.

Myth:

You have to wait for the engine to start again and therefore cannot drive off quickly.

Fact:

Vehicles now respond so quickly when the clutch or the accelerator are pressed that there isn’t really a noticeable delay when starting. The delay can often be due to distractions rather than due to starting the engine with the start-stop system.

EFB or AGM – Which battery do I need?

It cannot always be assumed that the battery which is already installed in the vehicle is really the best technology for the vehicle – especially if the battery has already been replaced. This also makes it difficult to understand the workshop’s choice of replacement battery. We have summarized the most important points for the decision of when an EFB or an AGM is the best choice for a vehicle.

EFB batteries – for compact and mid-range cars with start-stop

• with simple automatic start-stop systems
• without start-stop, but with demanding driving requirements (e.g. in urban traffic),
• without start-stop, but with extensive equipment.

• for vehicles with automatic start-stop systems and recovery of braking energy (recuperation),
• For cars with premium equipment and sophisticated accessories.

Only replace an AGM battery with an AGM battery

Correct assessment of battery test results

Tests of conventional starter batteries (SLI) can be carried out quickly. However, in the case of batteries for Start-Stop systems, considerably more factors must be considered. We have summarized the meaning of the test results for conventional SLIs and Start-Stop batteries for you.

Test and assessment of conventional wet batteries

Testing a starter battery only takes a short time. With this common type of battery, simply the determination of the open-circuit voltage provides adequately reliable information about the state of the battery, as with conventional starter batteries, only a powerful cold start current is decisive for full functionality.

Most starter batteries are now maintenance-free. With maintenance-free batteries, there are usually no filler plugs, so that there is no possibility of measurement with a hydrometer. However, the charge can also be measured with a voltmeter or a Multimeter. A fully charged starter battery has a voltage of 12.8 Volt. If the open-circuit voltage drops below 12.4 Volt, the battery needs to be recharged.

Test and assessment of a Start-Stop battery

The battery test for an AGM or EFB battery is more extensive, as the demands on these special battery technologies are more complex. These batteries are subject to frequent starting processes and continual partial discharges. This effect is increased by the electrical consumers which have to be supplied by the battery, even when the engine is stopped.

In addition to the state of charge, also known as the “SOC” (“State of Charge”), it is therefore also important to know:

• How much active material is still available for storage of energy by the battery?
• How quickly is the battery recharged after a partial discharge?

With most battery testers, these two questions cannot be answered precisely, because they only measure the cold start current (CCA). The residual capacity (Ah) and charge acceptance (CA) can only be determined indirectly and imprecisely with these battery testers.

Why are the residual capacity and charge acceptance so important for a reliable test result?

For a Start-Stop battery, good charge acceptance is very important because it needs to supply sufficient current during a journey with a large number of stops and starts: Consumers remain in operation during the standstill and the large number of engine starts also have to be ensured. During driving and braking (in the case of a Start-Stop system with recuperation, which feeds regenerative energy into the battery) the battery must therefore charge sufficiently in order to reliably handle the next stop.

The residual capacity must be sufficient to also supply the consumers during the standstill. The residual capacity is the energy which is available to supply the electrical consumers during certain situations:

• During all stop phases, either at traffic lights, in traffic jams or when parking.
• To compensate for inadequate charging by the generator, or to maintain a stable voltage while driving.

Workshop recommendations

Interpretation of the test results for a Start-Stop battery is more difficult than with conventional starter batteries. This applies in particular to test devices with which conductivity measurement is not possible, or battery testers in which no suitable test algorithm is implemented for new battery technologies such as AGM or EFB.

The indication “Battery OK” then apparently shows that the battery is in a good state of health. However, it is often obvious that the battery is reaching the end of its useful life.

In the case of a test result which does not definitely indicate “Battery OK”, other influencing factors must be taken into account for better interpretation of the result. E.g.

• Age of the battery (loss of performance due to aging effects)
• Vehicle mileage with the battery (battery deterioration during operation)
• Previous deep discharge or long standstill period without maintenance charge (damage to the battery)
• Subjective impression by the driver – e.g. fewer Start-Stop moments than previously. In this case, the Battery Management System (BMS) reduces the load on the battery in order to protect it. This is a sign that it is time for a battery replacement

When asked about the most recycled product, many people would probably put things like aluminum, paper, tyres or even glass at the top of their list. Although they rightfully belong there, it may come as a surprise that the number one spot is held by the well-known 12 Volt car battery. Clarios plays a vital part in this development. They are not only the world’s leading manufacturer of automotive batteries, but also one of the largest vehicle battery recyclers. Environmental protection and the sustainable use of resources are an integral part of the corporate philosophy.

A major contribution to sustainability is made by Clarios’ flagship brand VARTA^® Automotive batteries due to their innovative technological features, design and use of materials. Responsibility for the environment is manifested throughout the entire life cycle. During production, VARTA relies on progressive technology combined with resource-efficient processes and promoting sustainability. Employees’ sense of responsibility also plays a major role. This is why the company supports them and informs about environmental protection topics. Moreover, contractors and suppliers throughout the world are also required to comply with these guidelines.

Taking responsibility

The number of environmentally conscious customers is increasing. Nowadays, car drivers look for high-performance batteries ready for Start-Stop technology, with longer life cycles and produced to the highest ecological standards – such as the VARTA^® AGM and EFB batteries. Both are the result of a resource friendly manufacturing process which consumes 25 % less energy and 35 % less water. Thanks to pioneering technologies, long-term impact on the environment can be reduced, or even completely avoided.

However, even the longest-lasting batteries have to be replaced at some point, which is why VARTA^® Automotive is particularly committed to disposal and recycling, keeping customers safe in the knowledge that all the lead removed from a battery is reused without sacrificing quality, and that all legal requirements have been met.

Over 115 years of recycling experience

When a new battery is installed at a partner workshop, VARTA^® Automotive collects and recycles the used batteries. In this way, they take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products. Recycling of the raw lead is a central part of this process. VARTA^® Automotive’s plant in Krautscheid, Germany has over 115 years of recycling experience: lead has been smelted there since 1904. The amount of lead recycled annually corresponds to about 4.5 million car batteries. With this closed recycling loop, they are able to create new batteries from old ones in an environmentally friendly way.

In Europe alone this system has led to 100% of all lead-acid batteries being collected at the end of their life and successfully recycled. From each battery, 100 % of the materials can be recovered and reused. That is why 75 % of the lead in vehicle batteries sold today is obtained from recycled sources. This conserves resources and further reduces greenhouse gas emissions which would have occurred by the purchase of new battery materials.

Preparing your motorcycle for the new season

The snow has melted, temperatures are on the rise and the days are finally getting longer. It is that time of the year for bikers to rejoice as the new motorcycle season is upon us. But before you can hop on your bike, quad or even ride-on lawn mower there is a little bit of maintenance to be done first:

• Fluids and filters: If you haven’t changed your oil and oil filter in some time, now is the perfect time to do it. Also, check all other fluids like coolant, transmission oil, clutch and brake fluid, etc. Always remember to consult your owner’s manual for the right amount and proper procedure if changing is necessary.
• Brakes: Take a good look at your brake pads. If they show any sign of cracks, leaks or unusual wear, it’s time to replace them. Also, perform a test on both brakes to make sure they are in working order. Any unusual noises should be checked by a mechanic.
• Tyres: Do your tyres show any cracks, flat spots or have visibly worn tracks? Then it’s time for a new set. If they’re looking ok, don’t forget to check the air pressure.
• Engine: Check your bike for rusty cylinders and be sure to rotate the engine before the first start. You can do so by putting your motorcycle in second gear and turning the rear wheel. Additionally, make sure that the clutch plates do not stick together after the winter storage.
• Lights: Be certain that all lights on your bike are working properly and replace any bulbs if needed.
• Belts and chains: Take a look at your drive chain or belt. Are there any cracks showing? Is the tension according to the manufacturer’s specifications? If in doubt, consult your mechanic.

Checking the battery

Now that everything else is in order, it’s time to address the battery. So, you have taken the recommended precautions during wintertime so that the battery remains fresh until the start of the season. Very good. Nevertheless, before you start the engine or charge the battery, it’s a good idea to carry out a simple 4-step check. Important safety advice: always wear protective gloves and glasses when checking the acid level and filling the battery.

1. Check the terminals, connections, connectors and cables for any damage, corrosion or fractures
2. Check the battery casing for fractures, leaks and discolouration
3. Check the acid level (Powersports Freshpack only) and, if necessary, top up with distilled water
4. Check Battery voltage and recharge battery if necessary
   

Charging the battery

The most common issue with motorcycles sitting all winter long, tends to be the batteries. If you haven’t kept your battery on a trickle charger while it was stored, don’t worry. It’s never too late to charge your battery back up for that first ride of the season. The best (and easiest) way to test a battery is using a voltmeter or multimeter to measure the voltage.

The battery needs to be fully charged to deliver optimum performance. The recommended charging current is 10% of the nominal capacity in amperes (e.g., a 4 Ah battery requires a 0.4 A charging current). For a step-by-step guide on how to charge your particular battery, please refer to the instruction manual supplied with it.

VARTA^® Powersports – the right choice for every application

No matter what kind of vehicle you plan to ride this summer, we have the right battery to power it. VARTA^® Powersports batteries can help you get the most from your ride of choice, whether it’s a motorcycle, ATV, UTV, Jet-Ski, scooter or the very latest lawn mower.

Each VARTA^® Powersports battery features our specialized grid design for improved durability, has a robust case construction for maximum vibration resistance, can withstand repeated charging and discharging, and is high performing in a wide range of temperature conditions. With these models covering every kind of powersport, there´s sure to be a Powersports battery that´s made for your ride.

Powersports AGM – for maximum power even in extreme conditions

All VARTA^® Powersports batteries deliver top-class performance but if your high-end motorcycle has increased energy requirements such as heated handlebars, safety systems, etc., AGM technology is the optimal solution. VARTA^® Powersports AGM are engineered to provide longer life, offer reduced corrosion, low operating costs and have superior cold start performance. They last longer in demanding applications, are maintenance-free and spill proof.

And with the Powersports AGM Active model you are set to go in no time. It comes factory activated meaning it is precision charged, pre-filled and permanently sealed so you are ready to ride.

Why a working Start-Stop system is so important to save fuel

Saving fuel was and continues to be an important aspect of driving – not only in terms of environmental protection, it also benefits your wallet. A lot depends on an individuals’ driving style. Shifting up early, driving at low revs and driving with foresight make an important contribution to reducing consumption. But technology also provides support in the form of the  Start-Stop system, which has been long-established standard equipment in modern cars.

A brief history of Start-Stop

Today, saving fuel is considered sensible not only for financial but also for ecological reasons. But when the idea of the automatic Start-Stop system was born, it was rather the oil price crisis of the time that provided the need for fuel saving measures. Toyota invented the first automatic Start-Stop system in the mid-1970s.

Volkswagen and Audi introduced their versions of the Start-Stop system in the 1980s. Together with a 5-speed gearbox, aerodynamic bodywork, and electronic fuel consumption indicator, these improvements were intended to significantly reduce fuel consumption.

A new generation of Start-Stop systems followed in the 2000s. This sophisticated and robust technology marked the beginning of the Start-Stop success story.

Depending on the style of driving, Start-Stop technology can achieve fuel savings of up to 15%. However, the effectiveness of the system depends on many factors, including the area of use. During urban use, the automatic Start-Stop system causes the engine to switch off at standstill. Naturally, it is less effective on long motorway journeys.

High demands on the battery

The reliable supply of electric consumers while the engine is switched off, is very demanding. It has long been discussed whether such an automatic Start-Stop system is probably more harmful to the environment and more expensive because it requires so much battery power. That is why an advanced lead acid battery is the heart of every well-functioning Start-Stop system. The only battery technologies which can withstand the challenges of automatic Start-Stop systems are  AGM and EFB.

EFB batteries – for entry level Start-Stop systems

EFB batteries (EFB stands for “Enhanced Flooded Battery”) are suitable for the power supply of cars with entry-level automatic Start-Stop systems. The design of EFB batteries is a further development of conventional lead acid batteries. Several enhancements on component level help to extend the life of the battery. EFB batteries’ low internal resistance guarantee a strong cycle durability and improve the stability in challenging applications such as Start-Stop – they can withstand two times more charging cycles* compared to conventional starter batteries.

AGM batteries – for advanced Start-Stop systems

When it comes to vehicles with automatic Start-Stop systems with braking energy recovery (recuperation), or cars with premium equipment and sophisticated accessories, AGM batteries (AGM stands for “Absorbent Glass Mat”) offer a higher capability to withstand these high-power demands compared to regular starter batteries.

AGM batteries have excellent cold-start characteristics. They enable a powerful engine start which supports a reduced operation time of the starter. Thanks to their good recharge capability and high power in lower states of charge, a warm engine can be switched off and started again several times at short intervals, without the risk of difficulties when restarting. Regarding their service life, AGM batteries also have significant advantages over traditional starter batteries. They can withstand three times more charging cycles* than conventional starter batteries. Because the electrolyte in an AGM battery is bound in an absorbent glass fleece, it makes them resilient to hard conditions, leak-proof and maintenance-free.

Have your battery checked regularly

If you own a car with an automatic Start-Stop System, there are a few things you need to be aware of. When replacing your car battery your car battery, the new battery must be able to be recognized by the battery sensor (IBS) of the Start-Stop system, so that the vehicle can track the battery status accurately. This allows the vehicle’s energy management to closely monitor the battery parameters in order to leverage the highest fuel savings. If an incorrect battery is installed in the vehicle or is not correctly registered, this can result in premature battery deterioration and another breakdown.

If an AGM battery is already installed in the vehicle, it must always be replaced with another AGM battery. An upgrade from an EFB to an AGM battery is possible though and can increase the efficiency of the automatic Start-Stop system resulting in more efficient fuel consumption.

On the other hand, an ageing battery is susceptible to reduce the number of Start-Stop events. Therefore, it is recommended to check the battery on a regular basis as part of the service and replace before it fails to ensure maximum fuel.

*Test standard EN 50342-1 and for EFB and AGM, additionally EN 50342-6